Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants

Autores da FMUP

• Joana Filipa Campos Araújo

  Autor

• 

  Altamiro Manuel Rodrigues Da Costa Pereira

  Autor

Participantes de fora da FMUP

• Zhou B.
• Rayner A.W.
• Gregg E.W.
• Sheffer K.E.
• Carrillo-Larco R.M.
• Bennett J.E.
• Shaw J.E.
• Paciorek C.J.
• Singleton R.K.
• Barradas Pires A.
• Stevens G.A.
• Danaei G.
• Lhoste V.P.
• Phelps N.H.
• Heap R.A.
• Jain L.
• D'Ailhaud De Brisis Y.
• Galeazzi A.
• Kengne A.P.
• Mishra A.
• Ikeda N.
• Lin H.-H.
• Aguilar-Salinas C.A.
• Anjana R.M.
• Ben Romdhane H.
• Davletov K.
• Ganapathy S.
• Heidemann C.
• Khader Y.S.
• Khang Y.-H.
• Laxmaiah A.
• Mbanya J.C.N.
• Mohan V.
• Narayan K.V.
• Pavkov M.E.
• Sobngwi E.
• Wade A.N.
• Younger-Coleman N.O.
• Zdrojewski T.
• Abarca-Gómez L.
• Abbasi-Kangevari M.
• Abdul Rahim H.F.
• Abu-Rmeileh N.M.
• Adambekov S.
• Adams R.J.
• Aekplakorn W.
• Afzal S.
• Agdeppa I.A.
• Aghazadeh-Attari J.
• Agyemang C.
• Ahmad N.A.
• Ahmadi A.
• Ahmadi N.
• Ahmed S.H.
• Ahrens W.
• Ajlouni K.
• Al-Hamli S.F.
• Al-Hinai H.
• Al-Lawati J.A.
• Al Asfoor D.
• Alarouj M.
• AlBuhairan F.
• AlDhukair S.
• Ali M.M.
• Ali M.K.
• Alieva A.V.
• Alinezhad F.
• Alkandari A.
• Alkerwi A.
• Aly E.
• Amarapurkar D.N.
• Andersen L.B.
• Anderssen S.A.
• Andrade D.S.
• Ansari-Moghaddam A.
• Aounallah-Skhiri H.
• Aris T.
• Arku R.E.
• Arlappa N.
• Aryal K.K.
• Aspelund T.
• Assah F.K.
• Assembekov B.
• Au Yeung S.L.
• Auvinen J.
• Avdicová M.
• Azad K.
• Azevedo A.
• Azimi-Nezhad M.
• Azizi F.
• Bacopoulou F.
• Balakrishna N.
• Balanova Y.
• Bamoshmoosh M.
• Banach M.
• Bandosz P.
• Banegas J.R.
• Barbagallo C.M.
• Barcelo A.
• Baretic M.
• Barrera L.
• Barreto M.
• Basit A.
• Batieha A.M.
• Batista A.P.
• Baur L.A.
• Belavendra A.
• Benedek T.
• Benet M.
• Benzeval M.
• Berkinbayev S.
• Bernabe-Ortiz A.
• Berrios Carrasola X.
• Bettiol H.
• Beybey A.F.
• Bhargava S.K.
• Bi Y.
• Bika Lele E.C.
• Bikbov M.M.
• Bista B.
• Bjerregaard P.
• Bjertness E.
• Bjertness M.B.
• Björkelund C.
• Bloch K.V.
• Blokstra A.
• Bobak M.
• Boehm B.O.
• Boggia J.G.
• Boissonnet C.P.
• Bojesen S.E.
• Bonaccio M.
• Bonilla-Vargas A.
• Borghs H.
• Botomba S.
• Bovet P.
• Brajkovich I.
• Brenner H.
• Brewster L.M.
• Brian G.R.
• Briceño Y.
• Brito M.
• Bueno G.
• Bugge A.
• Buntinx F.
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• Caixeta R.B.
• Can G.
• Cândido A.P.C.
• Capanzana M.V.
• Capková N.
• Capuano E.
• Capuano R.
• Capuano V.
• Cardoso V.C.
• Carlsson A.C.
• Casanueva F.F.
• Censi L.
• Cervantes–Loaiza M.
• Chadjigeorgiou C.A.
• Chamnan P.
• Chamukuttan S.
• Chan Q.
• Charchar F.J.
• Chaturvedi N.
• Chen C.-J.
• Chen H.
• Chen L.-S.
• Cheng C.-Y.
• Cheraghian B.
• Chetrit A.
• Chiou S.-T.
• Chirlaque M.-D.
• Chudek J.
• Cifkova R.
• Cirillo M.
• Claessens F.
• Clarke J.
• Cohen E.
• Concin H.
• Cooper C.
• Cosmin C.R.
• Costanzo S.
• Cowan M.J.
• Cowell C.
• Crampin A.C.
• Crujeiras A.B.
• Cruz J.J.
• Cureau F.V.
• Cuschieri S.
• D'Arrigo G.
• d'Orsi E.
• da Silva-Ferreira H.
• Dallongeville J.
• Damasceno A.
• Dankner R.
• Dastgiri S.
• Dauchet L.
• De Curtis A.
• de Gaetano G.
• De Henauw S.
• De Ridder D.
• Deepa M.
• DeGennaro V.J.
• Jr
• Demarest S.
• Dennison E.
• Deschamps V.
• Dhimal M.
• Dika Z.
• Djalalinia S.
• Donfrancesco C.
• Dorobantu M.
• Dragano N.
• Drygas W.
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• Du Y.
• Duante C.A.
• Duboz P.
• Duda R.B.
• Dushpanova A.
• Dzerve V.
• Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E.
• Ebrahimi N.
• Eddie R.
• Eftekhar E.
• Efthymiou V.
• Egbagbe E.E.
• Eggertsen R.
• Eghtesad S.
• Ejembi C.L.
• El-Khateeb M.
• El Ati J.
• Eldemire-Shearer D.
• Elosua R.
• Enang O.
• Erasmus R.T.
• Erem C.
• Ergor G.
• Eriksen L.
• Eriksson J.G.
• Esmaeili A.
• Evans R.G.
• Fagherazzi G.
• Fahimfar N.
• Fakhradiyev I.
• Fakhretdinova A.A.
• Fall C.H.
• Faramarzi E.
• Farjam M.
• Farzadfar F.
• Farzi Y.
• Fattahi M.R.
• Fawwad A.
• Felix-Redondo F.J.
• Ferguson T.S.
• Fernández-Bergés D.
• Fernando D.R.
• Ferrao T.
• Ferrari M.
• Ferrario M.M.
• Ferreccio C.
• Ferrer E.
• Feskens E.J.
• Fink G.
• Flood D.
• Forsner M.
• Fosse-Edorh S.
• Fottrell E.F.
• Fouad H.M.
• Francis D.K.
• Frontera G.
• Fujiati I.I.
• Fumihiko M.
• Furusawa T.
• Gaciong Z.
• Galvano F.
• Garnett S.P.
• Gaspoz J.-M.
• Gasull M.
• Gazzinelli A.
• Gehring U.
• Ghaderi E.
• Ghamari S.-H.
• Ghanbari A.
• Ghasemi E.
• Gheorghe-Fronea O.-F.
• Ghimire A.
• Gialluisi A.
• Giampaoli S.
• Gianfagna F.
• Gill T.K.
• Giovannelli J.
• Gironella G.
• Giwercman A.
• Goldberg M.
• Goltzman D.
• Gomula A.
• Gonçalves H.
• Gonçalves M.
• Gonzalez-Chica D.A.
• Gonzalez-Gross M.
• González-Rivas J.P.
• Gonzalez A.R.
• Goto A.
• Gottrand F.
• Grafnetter D.
• Grammatikopoulou M.G.
• Grant A.
• Grimsgaard A.S.
• Grodzicki T.
• Grøntved A.
• Grosso G.
• Gu D.
• Gudnason V.
• Guerrero R.
• Guessous I.
• Gujral U.P.
• Gupta R.
• Gutierrez L.
• Gwee X.
• Ha S.
• Haghshenas R.
• Hakimi H.
• Hambleton I.R.
• Hamzeh B.
• Hange D.
• Hantunen S.
• Hao J.
• Harooni J.
• Hashemi-Shahri S.M.
• Hata J.
• Hayes A.J.
• He J.
• Henrique R.D.S.
• Henriques A.
• Herrala S.
• Herzig K.-H.
• Heshmat R.
• Hill A.G.
• Ho S.Y.
• Holdsworth M.
• Homayounfar R.
• Hopman W.M.
• Horimoto A.R.
• Hormiga C.
• Horta B.L.
• Houti L.
• Howitt C.
• Htay T.T.
• Htet A.S.
• Htike M.M.T.
• Huerta J.M.
• Huhtaniemi I.T.
• Huiart L.
• Huisman M.
• Hunsberger M.
• Husseini A.
• Huybrechts I.
• Iacoviello L.
• Iakupova E.M.
• Iannone A.G.
• Ibrahim Wong N.
• Ijoma C.
• Irazola V.E.
• Ishida T.
• Islam S.M.S.
• Islek D.
• Ittermann T.
• Iwasaki M.
• Jääskeläinen T.
• Jacobs J.M.
• Jaddou H.Y.
• Jadoul M.
• Jallow B.
• James K.
• Jamil K.M.
• Janus E.
• Jarvelin M.-R.
• Jasienska G.
• Jelakovic A.
• Jelakovic B.
• Jennings G.
• Jha A.K.
• Jibo A.M.
• Jimenez R.O.
• Jöckel K.-H.
• Jokelainen J.J.
• Jonas J.B.
• Josipovic J.
• Joukar F.
• Józwiak J.
• Kafatos A.
• Kajantie E.O.
• Kalmatayeva Z.
• Kalter-Leibovici O.
• Karakosta A.
• Karki K.B.
• Katibeh M.
• Katulanda P.
• Kauhanen J.
• Kazakbaeva G.M.
• Kaze F.F.
• Ke C.
• Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S.
• Kelishadi R.
• Keramati M.
• Kersting M.
• Khalagi K.
• Khaledifar A.
• Khalili D.
• Kheiri B.
• Kheradmand M.
• Khosravi Farsani A.
• Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U.
• Kiechl S.J.
• Kiechl S.
• Kim H.C.
• Kingston A.
• Klakk H.
• Klanova J.
• Knoflach M.
• Kolsteren P.
• König J.
• Korpelainen R.
• Korrovits P.
• Kos J.
• Koskinen S.
• Kowlessur S.
• Koziel S.
• Kratzer W.
• Kriemler S.
• Kristensen P.L.
• Krokstad S.
• Kromhout D.
• Kubinova R.
• Kujala U.M.
• Kulimbet M.
• Kulothungan V.
• Kumari M.
• Kutsenko V.
• Kyobutungi C.
• La Q.N.
• Laatikainen T.
• Labadarios D.
• Lachat C.
• Laid Y.
• Lall L.
• Langsted A.
• Lankila T.
• Lanska V.
• Lappas G.
• Larijani B.
• Latt T.S.
• Laurenzi M.
• Le Coroller G.
• Lee J.
• Lehtimäki T.
• Lemogoum D.
• Leung G.M.
• Lim C.
• Lim W.-Y.
• Lima-Costa M.F.
• Lin Y.-J.
• Lind L.
• Lissner L.
• Liu L.
• Liu X.
• Lo W.-C.
• Loit H.-M.
• Lopez-Garcia E.
• Lopez T.
• Lozano J.E.
• Luksiene D.
• Lundqvist A.
• Lunet N.
• Lung T.
• Lustigová M.
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• Machado-Coelho G.L.
• Machado-Rodrigues A.M.
• Macia E.
• Macieira L.M.
• Madar A.A.
• Maestre G.E.
• Maggi S.
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• Maire B.
• Makdisse M.
• Makrilakis K.
• Malekpour M.-R.
• Malekzadeh F.
• Malekzadeh R.
• Malyutina S.
• Maniego L.V.
• Manios Y.
• Mansour-Ghanaei F.
• Manzato E.
• Mapatano M.A.
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• Mardones F.
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• Mathur P.
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• Mirjalili M.R.
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• Mohammadi M.R.
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• Nejatizadeh A.
• Nenko I.
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• Nguyen C.T.
• Nguyen N.D.
• Nguyen Q.N.
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• Nieto-Martínez R.E.
• Ning G.
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• Zambon S.
• Zampelas A.
• Zargar A.H.
• Zaw K.K.
• Zeljkovic Vrkic T.
• Zeng Y.
• Zhang B.
• Zhang L.
• Zhang Z.-Y.
• Zhao M.-H.
• Zhao W.
• Zholdin B.
• Zimmet P.
• Zins M.
• Zitt E.
• Zoghlami N.
• Zuñiga Cisneros J.
• Ezzati M.

Unidades de investigação

• Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses, e Educação Médica

• Laboratório Associado RISE- Rede de Investigação em Saúde

  

  Investigador

  Fernando Carlos De Landér Schmitt

• Medicina da Comunidade, Informação e Decisão em Saúde

• RISE-Health

  

  Investigador

  Fernando Carlos De Landér Schmitt

Abstract

Background: Diabetes can be detected at the primary health-care level, and effective treatments lower the risk of complications. There are insufficient data on the coverage of treatment for diabetes and how it has changed. We estimated trends from 1990 to 2022 in diabetes prevalence and treatment for 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants aged 18 years and older with measurements of fasting glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and information on diabetes treatment. We defined diabetes as having a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of 7·0 mmol/L or higher, having an HbA1c of 6·5% or higher, or taking medication for diabetes. We defined diabetes treatment as the proportion of people with diabetes who were taking medication for diabetes. We analysed the data in a Bayesian hierarchical meta-regression model to estimate diabetes prevalence and treatment. Findings: In 2022, an estimated 828 million (95% credible interval [CrI] 757–908) adults (those aged 18 years and older) had diabetes, an increase of 630 million (554–713) from 1990. From 1990 to 2022, the age-standardised prevalence of diabetes increased in 131 countries for women and in 155 countries for men with a posterior probability of more than 0·80. The largest increases were in low-income and middle-income countries in southeast Asia (eg, Malaysia), south Asia (eg, Pakistan), the Middle East and north Africa (eg, Egypt), and Latin America and the Caribbean (eg, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Costa Rica). Age-standardised prevalence neither increased nor decreased with a posterior probability of more than 0·80 in some countries in western and central Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, east Asia and the Pacific, Canada, and some Pacific island nations where prevalence was already high in 1990; it decreased with a posterior probability of more than 0·80 in women in Japan, Spain, and France, and in men in Nauru. The lowest prevalence in the world in 2022 was in western Europe and east Africa for both sexes, and in Japan and Canada for women, and the highest prevalence in the world in 2022 was in countries in Polynesia and Micronesia, some countries in the Caribbean and the Middle East and north Africa, as well as Pakistan and Malaysia. In 2022, 445 million (95% CrI 401–496) adults aged 30 years or older with diabetes did not receive treatment (59% of adults aged 30 years or older with diabetes), 3·5 times the number in 1990. From 1990 to 2022, diabetes treatment coverage increased in 118 countries for women and 98 countries for men with a posterior probability of more than 0·80. The largest improvement in treatment coverage was in some countries from central and western Europe and Latin America (Mexico, Colombia, Chile, and Costa Rica), Canada, South Korea, Russia, Seychelles, and Jordan. There was no increase in treatment coverage in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa; the Caribbean; Pacific island nations; and south, southeast, and central Asia. In 2022, age-standardised treatment coverage was lowest in countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, and treatment coverage was less than 10% in some African countries. Treatment coverage was 55% or higher in South Korea, many high-income western countries, and some countries in central and eastern Europe (eg, Poland, Czechia, and Russia), Latin America (eg, Costa Rica, Chile, and Mexico), and the Middle East and north Africa (eg, Jordan, Qatar, and Kuwait). Interpretation: In most countries, especially in low-income and middle-income countries, diabetes treatment has not increased at all or has not increased sufficiently in comparison with the rise in prevalence. The burden of diabetes and untreated diabetes is increasingly borne by low-income and middle-income countries. The expansion of health insurance and primary health care should be accompanied with diabetes programmes that realign and resource health services to enhance the early detection and effective treatment of diabetes. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

Keywords

• Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bayes Theorem; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Global Health; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Sex Distribution; Young Adult; hemoglobin A1c; insulin; oral antidiabetic agent; antidiabetic agent; glycated hemoglobin; adult; aging; Article; Bayesian network; cross validation; diabetes mellitus; fasting blood glucose level; female; human; male; population growth; prevalence; probability; undiagnosed disease; adolescent; aged; Bayes theorem; diabetes mellitus; drug therapy; epidemiology; global health; glucose blood level; middle aged; prevalence; sex ratio; young adult