Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Data de publicação: 18/05/2024 Data Ahead of Print: 01/05/2024

Autores da FMUP

• Ricardo Jorge Dinis Oliveira

  Autor

• José Alberto Da Silva Freitas

  Autor

Participantes de fora da FMUP

• Naghavi, Mohsen
• Ong, Kanyin Liane
• Aali, Amirali
• Ababneh, Hazim S.
• Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis
• Abbafati, Cristiana
• Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh
• Abbasian, Mohammadreza
• Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen
• Abbastabar, Hedayat
• Abd ElHafeez, Samar
• Abdelmasseh, Michael
• Abd-Elsalam, Sherief
• Abdelwahab, Ahmed
• Abdollahi, Mohammad
• Abdollahifar, Mohammad-Amin
• Abdoun, Meriem
• Abdulah, Deldar Morad
• Abdullahi, Auwal
• Abebe, Mesfin
• Abebe, Samrawit Shawel
• Abedi, Aidin
• Abegaz, Kedir Hussein
• Abhilash, E. S.
• Abidi, Hassan
• Abiodun, Olumide
• Aboagye, Richard Gyan
• Abolhassani, Hassan
• Abolmaali, Meysam
• Abouzid, Mohamed
• Aboye, Girma Beressa
• Abreu, Lucas Guimaraes
• Abrha, Woldu Aberhe
• Abtahi, Dariush
• Abu Rumeileh, Samir
• Abualruz, Hasan
• Abubakar, Bilyaminu
• Abu-Gharbieh, Eman
• Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E.
• Aburuz, Salahdein
• Abu-Zaid, Ahmed
• Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou
• Adal, Tadele Girum
• Adamu, Abdu A.
• Addo, Isaac Yeboah
• Addolorato, Giovanni
• Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi
• Adekanmbi, Victor
• Adepoju, Abiola Victor
• Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun
• Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi
• Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther
• Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo
• Adeyomoye, Olorunsola Israel
• Admass, Biruk Adie Adie
• Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
• Adra, Saryia
• Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
• Afzal, Muhammad Sohail
• Afzal, Saira
• Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika
• Agasthi, Pradyumna
• Aggarwal, Manik
• Aghamiri, Shahin
• Agide, Feleke Doyore
• Agodi, Antonella
• Agrawal, Anurag
• Agyemang-Duah, Williams
• Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku
• Ahmad, Aqeel
• Ahmad, Danish
• Ahmad, Firdos
• Ahmad, Muayyad M.
• Ahmad, Sajjad
• Ahmad, Shahzaib
• Ahmad, Tauseef
• Ahmadi, Keivan
• Ahmadzade, Amir Mahmoud
• Ahmed, Ali
• Ahmed, Ayman
• Ahmed, Haroon
• Ahmed, Luai A.
• Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif
• Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh
• Ahmed, Muktar Beshir
• Ahmed, Syed Anees
• Ajami, Marjan
• Aji, Budi
• Akara, Essona Matatom
• Akbarialiabad, Hossein
• Akinosoglou, Karolina
• Akinyemiju, Tomi
• Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed
• Akyirem, Samuel
• Al Hamad, Hanadi
• Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz
• Alahdab, Fares
• Alalalmeh, Samer O.
• Alalwan, Tariq A.
• Al-Aly, Ziyad
• Alam, Khurshid
• Alam, Manjurul
• Alam, Noore
• Al-Amer, Rasmieh Mustafa
• Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour
• Alanzi, Turki M.
• Al-Azzam, Sayer
• Albakri, Almaza
• Albashtawy, Mohammed
• AlBataineh, Mohammad T.
• Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth
• Aldawsari, Khalifah A.
• Aldhaleei, Wafa A.
• Aldridge, Robert W.
• Alema, Haileselasie Berhane
• Alemayohu, Mulubirhan Assefa
• Alemi, Sharifullah
• Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta
• Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed
• Alhabib, Khalid F.
• Alhalaiqa, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
• Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled
• Ali, Abid
• Ali, Amjad
• Ali, Liaqat
• Ali, Mohammed Usman
• Ali, Rafat
• Ali, Shahid
• Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait
• Alicandro, Gianfranco
• Alif, Sheikh Mohammad
• Alikhani, Reyhaneh
• Alimohamadi, Yousef
• Aliyi, Ahmednur Adem
• Aljasir, Mohammad A. M.
• Aljunid, Syed Mohamed
• Alla, Francois
• Allebeck, Peter
• Al-Marwani, Sabah
• Al-Maweri, Sadeq Ali Ali
• Almazan, Joseph Uy
• Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.
• Almidani, Louay
• Almidani, Omar
• Alomari, Mahmoud A.
• Al-Omari, Basem
• Alonso, Jordi
• Alqahtani, Jaber S.
• Alqalyoobi, Shehabaldin
• Alqutaibi, Ahmed Yaseen
• Al-Sabah, Salman Khalifah
• Altaany, Zaid
• Altaf, Awais
• Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.
• Altirkawi, Khalid A.
• Aluh, Deborah Oyine
• Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
• Alwafi, Hassan
• Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed
• Aly, Hany
• Aly, Safwat
• Alzoubi, Karem H.
• Amani, Reza
• Amare, Azmeraw T.
• Amegbor, Prince M.
• Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena
• Amin, Tarek Tawfik
• Amindarolzarbi, Alireza
• Amiri, Sohrab
• Amirzade-Iranaq, Mohammad Hosein
• Amu, Hubert
• Amugsi, Dickson A.
• Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi
• Ancuceanu, Robert
• Anderlini, Deanna
• Anderson, David B.
• Andrade, Pedro Prata
• Andrei, Catalina Liliana
• Andrei, Tudorel
• Angus, Colin
• Anil, Abhishek
• Anil, Sneha
• Anoushiravani, Amir
• Ansari, Hossein
• Ansariadi, Ansariadi
• Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza
• Antony, Catherine M.
• Antriyandarti, Ernoiz
• Anvari, Davood
• Anvari, Saeid
• Anwar, Saleha
• Anwar, Sumadi Lukman
• Anwer, Razique
• Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward
• Aqeel, Muhammad
• Arab, Juan Pablo
• Arabloo, Jalal
• Arafat, Mosab
• Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.
• Areda, Demelash
• Aremu, Abdulfatai
• Aremu, Olatunde
• Ariffin, Hany
• Arkew, Mesay
• Armocida, Benedetta
• Arndt, Michael Benjamin
• Arnlov, Johan
• Arooj, Mahwish
• Artamonov, Anton A.
• Arulappan, Judie
• Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo
• Arumugam, Ashokan
• Asaad, Malke
• Asadi-Lari, Mohsen
• Asgedom, Akeza Awealom
• Asghariahmadabad, Mona
• Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad
• Ashraf, Muhammad
• Aslani, Armin
• Astell-Burt, Thomas
• Athar, Mohammad
• Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin
• Atinafu, Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye
• Atlaw, Habtamu Wondmagegn
• Atorkey, Prince
• Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi
• Atreya, Alok
• Aujayeb, Avinash
• Ausloos, Marcel
• Avan, Abolfazl
• Awedew, Atalel Fentahun
• Aweke, Amlaku Mulat
• Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala
• Ayatollahi, Haleh
• Ayuso-Mateos, Jose L.
• Ayyoubzadeh, Seyed Mohammad
• Azadnajafabad, Sina
• Azevedo, Rui M. S.
• Azzam, Ahmed Y.
• Darshan, B. B.
• Babu, Abraham Samuel
• Badar, Muhammad
• Badiye, Ashish D.
• Baghdadi, Soroush
• Bagheri, Nasser
• Bagherieh, Sara
• Bah, Sulaiman
• Bahadorikhalili, Saeed
• Bahmanziari, Najmeh
• Bai, Ruhai
• Baig, Atif Amin
• Baker, Jennifer L.
• Bako, Abdulaziz T.
• Bakshi, Ravleen Kaur
• Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar
• Balasubramanian, Madhan
• Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin
• Bam, Kiran
• Banach, Maciej
• Bandyopadhyay, Soham
• Banik, Palash Chandra
• Bansal, Hansi
• Bansal, Kannu
• Barbic, Franca
• Barchitta, Martina
• Bardhan, Mainak
• Bardideh, Erfan
• Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn
• Barnighausen, Till Winfried
• Barone-Adesi, Francesco
• Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat
• Barrero, Lope H.
• Barrow, Amadou
• Barteit, Sandra
• Barua, Lingkan
• Basharat, Zarrin
• Bashiri, Azadeh
• Basiru, Afisu
• Baskaran, Pritish
• Basnyat, Buddha
• Bassat, Quique
• Basso, Joao Diogo
• Basting, Ann V. L.
• Basu, Sanjay
• Batra, Kavita
• Baune, Bernhard T.
• Bayati, Mohsen
• Bayileyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew
• Beaney, Thomas
• Bedi, Neeraj
• Beghi, Massimiliano
• Behboudi, Emad
• Behera, Priyamadhaba
• Behnoush, Amir Hossein
• Behzadifar, Masoud
• Beiranvand, Maryam
• Ramirez, Diana Fernanda Bejarano
• Bejot, Yannick
• Belay, Sefealem Assefa
• Belete, Chalie Mulu
• Bell, Michelle L.
• Bello, Muhammad Bashir
• Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja
• Belo, Luis
• Beloukas, Apostolos
• Bender, Rose Grace
• Bensenor, Isabela M.
• Beran, Azizullah
• Berezvai, Zombor
• Berhie, Alemshet Yirga
• Berice, Betyna N.
• Bernstein, Robert S.
• Bertolacci, Gregory J.
• Bettencourt, Paulo J. G.
• Beyene, Kebede A.
• Bhagat, Devidas S.
• Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth
• Bhala, Neeraj
• Bhalla, Ashish
• Bhandari, Dinesh
• Bhangdia, Kayleigh
• Bhardwaj, Nikha
• Bhardwaj, Pankaj
• Bhardwaj, Prarthna V.
• Bhargava, Ashish
• Bhaskar, Sonu
• Bhat, Vivek
• Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur
• Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh
• Bhatti, Manpreet S.
• Bhatti, Rajbir
• Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.
• Bikbov, Boris
• Bishai, Jessica Devin
• Bisignano, Catherine
• Bisulli, Francesca
• Biswas, Atanu
• Biswas, Bijit
• Bitaraf, Saeid
• Bitew, Bikes Destaw
• Bitra, Veera R.
• Bjorge, Tone
• Boachie, Micheal Kofi
• Boampong, Mary Sefa
• Bobirca, Anca Vasilica
• Bodolica, Virginia
• Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan
• Bogale, Eyob Ketema
• Bogale, Kassawmar Angaw
• Bohlouli, Somayeh
• Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi
• Boloor, Archith
• Hashemi, Milad Bonakdar
• Bonny, Aime
• Bora, Kaustubh
• Basara, Berrak Bora
• Borhany, Hamed
• Borzutzky, Arturo
• Bouaoud, Souad
• Boustany, Antoine
• Boxe, Christopher
• Boyko, Edward J.
• Brady, Oliver J.
• Braithwaite, Dejana
• Brant, Luisa C.
• Brauer, Michael
• Brazinova, Alexandra
• Brazo-Sayavera, Javier
• Breitborde, Nicholas J. K.
• Breitner, Susanne
• Brenner, Hermann
• Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich
• Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich
• Britton, Gabrielle
• Brown, Julie
• Brugha, Traolach
• Bulamu, Norma B.
• Bulto, Lemma N.
• Buonsenso, Danilo
• Burns, Richard A.
• Busse, Reinhard
• Bustanji, Yasser
• Butt, Nadeem Shafique
• Butt, Zahid A.
• dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano
• Calina, Daniela
• Camera, Luis Alberto
• Campos, Luciana Aparecida
• Campos-Nonato, Ismael R.
• Cao, Chao
• Cao, Yin
• Capodici, Angelo
• Cardenas, Rosario
• Carr, Sinclair
• Carreras, Giulia
• Carrero, Juan J.
• Carugno, Andrea
• Carvalheiro, Cristina G.
• Carvalho, Felix
• Carvalho, Marcia
• Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio
• Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.
• Castelpietra, Giulio
• Catala-Lopez, Ferran
• Catapano, Alberico L.
• Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia
• Cederroth, Christopher R.
• Cegolon, Luca
• Cembranel, Francieli
• Cenderadewi, Muthia
• Cercy, Kelly M.
• Cerin, Ester
• Cevik, Muge
• Chadwick, Joshua
• Chahine, Yaacoub
• Chakraborty, Chiranjib
• Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo
• Chan, Jeffrey Shi Kai
• Chan, Raymond N. C.
• Chandika, Rama Mohan
• Chandrasekar, Eeshwar K.
• Chang, Chin-Kuo
• Chang, Jung-Chen
• Chanie, Gashaw Sisay
• Charalampous, Periklis
• Chattu, Vijay Kumar
• Chaturvedi, Pankaj
• Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, Victoria
• Chaurasia, Akhilanand
• Chen, Angela W.
• Chen, An-Tian
• Chen, Catherine S.
• Chen, Haowei
• Chen, Meng Xuan
• Chen, Simiao
• Cheng, Ching-Yu
• Cheng, Esther T. W.
• Cherbuin, Nicolas
• Cheru, Wondimye Ashenafi
• Chien, Ju-Huei
• Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel
• Chimoriya, Ritesh
• Ching, Patrick R.
• Chirinos-Caceres, Jesus Lorenzo
• Chitheer, Abdulaal
• Cho, William C. S.
• Chong, Bryan
• Chopra, Hitesh
• Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan
• Chowdhury, Rajiv
• Christopher, Devasahayam J.
• Chukwu, Isaac Sunday
• Chung, Eric
• Chung, Erin
• Chung, Eunice
• Chung, Sheng-Chia
• Chutiyami, Muhammad
• Cindi, Zinhle
• Cioffi, Iolanda
• Claassens, Mareli M.
• Claro, Rafael M.
• Coberly, Kaleb
• Cogen, Rebecca M.
• Columbus, Alyssa
• Comfort, Haley
• Conde, Joao
• Cortese, Samuele
• Cortesi, Paolo Angelo
• Costa, Vera Marisa
• Costanzo, Simona
• Cousin, Ewerton
• Couto, Rosa A. S.
• Cowden, Richard G.
• Cramer, Kenneth Michael
• Criqui, Michael H.
• Cruz-Martins, Natalia
• Cuadra-Hernandez, Silvia Magali
• Culbreth, Garland T.
• Cullen, Patricia
• Cunningham, Matthew
• Curado, Maria Paula
• Dadana, Sriharsha
• Dadras, Omid
• Dai, Siyu
• Dai, Xiaochen
• Dai, Zhaoli
• Dalli, Lachlan L.
• Damiani, Giovanni
• Gela, Jiregna Darega
• Das, Jai K.
• Das, Saswati
• Das, Subasish
• Dascalu, Ana Maria
• Dash, Nihar Ranjan
• Dashti, Mohsen
• Dastiridou, Anna
• Davey, Gail
• Davila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto
• Weaver, Nicole Davis
• Davletov, Kairat
• De Leo, Diego
• de Luca, Katie
• Debele, Aklilu Tamire
• Debopadhaya, Shayom
• Degenhardt, Louisa
• Dehghan, Azizallah
• Deitesfeld, Lee
• Del Bo', Cristian
• Delgado-Enciso, Ivan
• Demessa, Berecha Hundessa
• Demetriades, Andreas K.
• Deng, Ke
• Deng, Xinlei
• Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar
• Deravi, Niloofar
• Dereje, Nebiyu
• Dervenis, Nikolaos
• Dervisevic, Emina
• Des Jarlais, Don C.
• Desai, Hardik Dineshbhai
• Desai, Rupak
• Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan
• Dewan, Syed Masudur Rahman
• Dhali, Arkadeep
• Dhama, Kuldeep
• Dhimal, Meghnath
• Dhingra, Sameer
• Dhulipala, Vishal R.
• da Silva, Diana Dias
• Diaz, Daniel
• Diaz, Michael J.
• Dima, Adriana
• Ding, Delaney D.
• Ding, Huanghe
• Dirac, M. Ashworth
• Djalalinia, Shirin
• Thao Huynh Phuong Do
• do Prado, Camila Bruneli
• Doaei, Saeid
• Dodangeh, Masoud
• Dodangeh, Milad
• Dohare, Sushil
• Dokova, Klara Georgieva
• Dolecek, Christiane
• Dominguez, Regina-Mae Villanueva
• Dong, Wanyue
• Dongarwar, Deepa
• D'Oria, Mario
• Dorostkar, Fariba
• Dorsey, E. Ray
• dos Santos, Wendel Mombaque
• Doshi, Rajkumar
• Doshmangir, Leila
• Dowou, Robert Kokou
• Driscoll, Tim Robert
• Dsouza, Haneil Larson
• Dsouza, Viola
• Du, Mi
• Dube, John
• Duncan, Bruce B.
• Duraes, Andre Rodrigues
• Duraisamy, Senbagam
• Durojaiye, Oyewole Christopher
• Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura
• Dzianach, Paulina Agnieszka
• Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian
• E'mar, Abdel Rahman
• Eboreime, Ejemai
• Ebrahimi, Alireza
• Echieh, Chidiebere Peter
• Edinur, Hisham Atan
• Edvardsson, David
• Edvardsson, Kristina
• Efendi, Defi
• Efendi, Ferry
• Effendi, Diyan Ermawan
• Eikemo, Terje Andreas
• Eini, Ebrahim
• Ekholuenetale, Michael
• Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus
• El Sayed, Iman
• Elbarazi, Iffat
• Elema, Teshome Bekele
• Elemam, Noha Mousaad
• Elgar, Frank J.
• Elgendy, Islam Y.
• ElGohary, Ghada Metwally Tawfik
• Elhabashy, Hala Rashad
• Elhadi, Muhammed
• El-Huneidi, Waseem
• Elilo, Legesse Tesfaye
• Elmeligy, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou
• Elmonem, Mohamed A.
• Elshaer, Mohammed
• Elsohaby, Ibrahim
• Emeto, Theophilus I.
• Bain, Luchuo Engelbert
• Erkhembayar, Ryenchindorj
• Esezobor, Christopher Imokhuede
• Eshrati, Babak
• Eskandarieh, Sharareh
• Espinosa-Montero, Juan
• Esubalew, Habtamu
• Etaee, Farshid
• Fabin, Natalia
• Fadaka, Adewale Oluwaseun
• Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis
• Fahim, Ayesha
• Fahimi, Saman
• Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Aliasghar
• Falzone, Luca
• Fareed, Mohammad
• Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa
• Faris, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud
• Faris, Pawan Sirwan
• Faro, Andre
• Fasanmi, Abidemi Omolara
• Fatehizadeh, Ali
• Fattahi, Hamed
• Fauk, Nelsensius Klau
• Fazeli, Pooria
• Feigin, Valery L.
• Feizkhah, Alireza
• Fekadu, Ginenus
• Feng, Xiaoru
• Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad
• Feroze, Abdullah Hamid
• Ferrante, Daniela
• Ferrari, Alize J.
• Ferreira, Nuno
• Fetensa, Getahun
• Feyisa, Bikila Regassa
• Filip, Irina
• Fischer, Florian
• Flavel, Joanne
• Flood, David
• Florin, Bobirca Teodor
• Foigt, Nataliya A.
• Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin
• Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich
• Foroutan, Behzad
• Foroutan, Masoud
• Forthun, Ingeborg
• Fortuna, Daniela
• Foschi, Matteo
• Fowobaje, Kayode Raphael
• Francis, Kate Louise
• Franklin, Richard Charles
• Friedman, Joseph
• Friedman, Sara D.
• Fukumoto, Takeshi
• Fuller, John E.
• Fux, Blima
• Gaal, Peter Andras
• Gadanya, Muktar A.
• Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji
• Gaihre, Santosh
• Gakidou, Emmanuela
• Galali, Yaseen
• Galles, Natalie C.
• Gallus, Silvano
• Ganbat, Mandukhai
• Gandhi, Aravind P.
• Ganesan, Balasankar
• Ganiyani, Mohammad Arfat
• Garcia-Gordillo, M. A.
• Gardner, William M.
• Garg, Jalaj
• Garg, Naval
• Gautam, Rupesh K.
• Gbadamosi, Semiu Olatunde
• Gebi, Tilaye Gebru
• Gebregergis, Miglas W.
• Gebrehiwot, Mesfin
• Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru
• Georgescu, Simona Roxana
• Getachew, Tamirat
• Gething, Peter W.
• Getie, Molla
• Ghadiri, Keyghobad
• Ghahramani, Sulmaz
• Ghailan, Khalid Yaser
• Ghasemi, Mohammad-Reza
• Dabaghi, Ghazal Ghasempour
• Ghasemzadeh, Afsaneh
• Ghashghaee, Ahmad
• Ghassemi, Fariba
• Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed
• Ghimire, Ajnish
• Ghoba, Sama
• Gholamalizadeh, Maryam
• Gholamian, Asadollah
• Gholamrezanezhad, Ali
• Gholizadeh, Nasim
• Ghorbani, Mahsa
• Vajargah, Pooyan Ghorbani
• Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal
• Gill, Paramjit Singh
• Gill, Tiffany K.
• Gillum, Richard F.
• Ginindza, Themba G.
• Girmay, Alem
• Glasbey, James C.
• Gnedovskaya, Elena V.
• Gobolos, Laszlo
• Godinho, Myron Anthony
• Goel, Amit
• Golchin, Ali
• Goldust, Mohamad
• Golechha, Mahaveer
• Goleij, Pouya
• Gomes, Nelson G. M.
• Gona, Philimon N.
• Gopalani, Sameer Vali
• Gorini, Giuseppe
• Goudarzi, Houman
• Goulart, Alessandra C.
• Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia
• Goyal, Anmol
• Grada, Ayman
• Graham, Simon Matthew
• Grivna, Michal
• Grosso, Giuseppe
• Guan, Shi-Yang
• Guarducci, Giovanni
• Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen
• Gudeta, Mesay Dechasa
• Guha, Avirup
• Guicciardi, Stefano
• Guimaraes, Rafael Alves
• Gulati, Snigdha
• Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga
• Gunturu, Sasidhar
• Guo, Cui
• Gupta, Anish Kumar
• Gupta, Bhawna
• Gupta, Manoj Kumar
• Gupta, Mohak
• Das Gupta, Rajat
• Gupta, Rajeev
• Gupta, Sapna
• Gupta, Veer Bala
• Gupta, Vijai Kumar
• Gupta, Vivek Kumar
• Gurmessa, Lami
• Gutierrez, Reyna Alma
• Habibzadeh, Farrokh
• Habibzadeh, Parham
• Haddadi, Rasool
• Hadei, Mostafa
• Hadi, Najah R.
• Haep, Nils
• Hafezi-Nejad, Nima
• Haile, Demewoz
• Hailu, Alemayehu
• Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin
• Halboub, Esam S.
• Hall, Brian J.
• Haller, Sebastian
• Halwani, Rabih
• Hamadeh, Randah R.
• Hameed, Sajid
• Hamidi, Samer
• Hamilton, Erin B.
• Han, Chieh
• Han, Qiuxia
• Hanif, Asif
• Hanifi, Nasrin
• Hankey, Graeme J.
• Hanna, Fahad
• Hannan, Md Abdul
• Haque, Md Nuruzzaman
• Harapan, Harapan
• Hargono, Arief
• Haro, Josep Maria
• Hasaballah, Ahmed I.
• Hasan, Ikramul
• Hasan, M. Tasdik
• Hasani, Hamidreza
• Hasanian, Mohammad
• Hashi, Abdiwahab
• Hasnain, Md Saquib
• Hassan, Ikrama
• Hassanipour, Soheil
• Hassankhani, Hadi
• Haubold, Johannes
• Havmoeller, Rasmus J.
• Hay, Simon I.
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• Heidari, Golnaz
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• Helfer, Bartosz
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• Herrera-Serna, Brenda Yuliana
• Herteliu, Claudiu
• Hesami, Hamed
• Hezam, Kamal
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• Hiraike, Yuta
• Holla, Ramesh
• Horita, Nobuyuki
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• Hossain, Sahadat
• Hosseini, Mohammad-Salar
• Hosseinzadeh, Hassan
• Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi
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• Hsu, Rebecca L.
• Hu, Chengxi
• Huang, Junjie
• Hultstrom, Michael
• Humayun, Ayesha
• Hundie, Tsegaye Gebreyes
• Hussain, Javid
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• Hussien, Foziya Mohammed
• Huynh, Hong-Han
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• Ikiroma, Adalia I.
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• Islam, Md Rabiul
• Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
• Islami, Farhad
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• Jin, Yingzhao
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• Yousefi, Zabihollah
• Yu, Chuanhua
• Yu, Yong
• Yuh, Faith H.
• Zadey, Siddhesh
• Zadnik, Vesna
• Zafari, Nima
• Zakham, Fathiah
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• Bin Zaman, Sojib
• Zamora, Nelson
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• Zeinali, Zahra
• Zhang, Haijun
• Zhang, Jianrong
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• Zhang, Liqun
• Zhang, Yunquan
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• Zhao, Hanqing
• Zhong, Chenwen
• Zhou, Juexiao
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• Zumla, Alimuddin
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• Zyoud, Samer H.
• Wool, Eve E.
• Murray, Christopher J. L.
• GBD 2021 Causes Death Collaborators

Unidades de investigação

• Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses, e Educação Médica

• Laboratório Associado RISE- Rede de Investigação em Saúde

  

  Investigador

  Fernando Carlos De Landér Schmitt

• Medicina da Comunidade, Informação e Decisão em Saúde

• RISE-Health

  

  Investigador

  Fernando Carlos De Landér Schmitt

Abstract

Background Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. Methods The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. Findings The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94.0 deaths (95% UI 89.2-100.0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271.0 deaths [250.1-290.7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195.4 deaths [182.1-211.4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48.1 deaths [47.4-48.8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23.2 deaths [16.3-37.2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1.6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8.3 years (6.7-9.9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0.4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3.6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. Interpretation Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Ad

Keywords

• MEASLES ELIMINATION; HIV PREVENTION; MORTALITY; AFRICA